How to Conduct Manual Testing: Best Practices Guide

Despite the rise of automation, manual testing remains a cornerstone of software quality assurance. This hands-on approach is crucial for uncovering user experience issues and hidden bugs that automated tests might miss. Manual testing allows you to explore software in real-time, offering insights into how well your application performs under real-world conditions. Here's a detailed guide on how to conduct effective manual testing.

Understanding Manual Testing

Manual testing involves executing test cases without automated tools, allowing testers to interact directly with the software. This method is particularly useful for:

• Uncovering Usability Issues: Real-time interaction helps identify user experience problems.
• Detecting Hidden Bugs: Issues that automated tests might overlook can be caught through manual testing.

Types of Manual Testing

To conduct effective manual testing, it's essential to understand the different testing approaches:

1. Black-Box Testing:

• Overview: Focuses on testing software functionalities without knowing the internal workings. Ideal for validating system behavior based on inputs and expected outputs.
• Use Case: Functional testing where internal logic is not a concern.

2. White-Box Testing:

• Overview: Involves a deep understanding of the application's internal code and structure. Testers evaluate specific functions, logic paths, and internal processes.
• Use Case: Ideal for verifying code correctness and internal logic.

3. Gray-Box Testing:

• Overview: A combination of black-box and white-box testing. Testers have partial knowledge of the system's internal workings but focus on external behavior.
• Use Case: Effective for integrated systems where both internal and external aspects need evaluation.

Steps to Conduct Manual Testing

Manual testing is a hands-on process that requires careful planning, attention to detail, and an understanding of the application's goals. With that in mind, here's a step-by-step manual testing guide to help you perform testing effectively.

Step 1: Understand the Requirements

1. Review Documentation: Start with project documentation, specifications, and prototypes to grasp functional and non-functional requirements.
2. Identify Key Areas: Focus on critical features and high-risk areas. Clarify any uncertainties with stakeholders to ensure comprehensive understanding.

Step 2. Design a Test Plan 

• Create a Roadmap: Develop a structured test plan outlining test objectives, scope, functionality, pass/fail criteria, and failure categorization.
• A manual test case template is the best way to do that. The following are the elements that you need to include in a test case template:
  1. Test Plan ID and Title: First, add a test plan ID and title. Assigning a unique ID and title keeps your test plan organized. Establish clear naming conventions to ensure consistency across multiple test plans. For instance, the ID can be MT—001, and the title can be 'Mobile App Login Page Testing'.
  2. Introduction: In this section, you need to outline the purpose and goals of the test plan. A concise introduction sets clear expectations and goals for the test plan, ensuring everyone involved understands its purpose and scope. 
  3. Scope of Testing: Here, you need to define the areas of the software that will be tested. Make sure to include all the features that you want to test. You may also mention areas that you want to exclude from the testing. One challenge is managing scope creep, when additional features or changes are requested during testing. Ensure you set clear boundaries in the plan and promptly communicate any changes with stakeholders. 
  4. Functionality Map: In this step, you will describe the specific functionalities that you will test. Tools like TestRail and Jira can help you document and track these functionalities. By detailing specific functionalities, you ensure that all critical features are tested thoroughly, reducing the risk of crucial app aspects. 
  5. Defining Pass/Fail Criteria: The next part is to set criteria for passed and failed tests. Clear pass/fail criteria provide objective benchmarks for determining the success of each test, making it easier to evaluate results consistently. 
  6. Write Test Descriptions: Writing detailed test descriptions provides clear instructions for executing tests, ensuring consistency and thoroughness in the testing process. Include detailed steps and expected outcomes for each test case when writing descriptions. The more detailed your descriptions, the easier it is for someone else to step in and understand exactly what to do. TestRail can help organize these descriptions. The tricky part is keeping them detailed yet simple, so focus on writing clear, step-by-step instructions without overcomplicating things.  
  7. Creating Rules of Failure Categorization: When something goes wrong in testing, you'll want to categorize the failure based on its severity. For instance, is it a critical bug that breaks functionality or a minor issue that's only cosmetic? Having clear rules for this helps you prioritize which bugs to address first. 

Step 3: Write Test Cases

Writing test cases is the backbone of effective manual testing. It helps you ensure that all the required functions of the software are tested. Think of test cases as your roadmap for testing-detailing each step needed to verify the software's functionality. The key to writing effective test cases lies in referencing two important documents: the User Requirement Document (URD) and the Functional Requirement Specification (FRS).

1. User Requirement Document: The URD outlines what the user wants from the software, focusing on features, usability, and overall performance. Your task is to translate these high-level user expectations into specific, actionable test cases. For instance, if the URD specifies that users must be able to log in within 5 seconds, you will create a test case to verify that login speed. This helps you stay user-focused, ensuring the software delivers a smooth experience that matches real-world expectations. 
   However, user requirements can often be vague or open to interpretation, making it hard to write clear test cases. To avoid misunderstandings, you need to actively communicate with stakeholders or the product team for clarification. Tracking these conversations in testing tools like Jira ensures that nothing gets missed or overlooked. 
2. Functional Requirement Specification: The FRS breaks down the technical details of how each feature should function. Here, you will find specifics about the system's architecture and functionality — everything from how a password reset should work to how the software should handle data processing. Your test cases will focus on verifying these functionalities, ensuring they align with the developer's intentions.
   By basing test cases on FRS, you ensure the software's technical aspects perform as expected, reducing the risk of major issues post-release. One hurdle faced in complex systems is keeping track of every feature, especially when there are numerous functions to test. In that case, test management tools like TestRail or Zephyr can help you organize your test cases and track coverage, ensuring no feature slips through the cracks. 

Start by clearly defining the objective of each test case. What are you testing, and why? For instance, if you're testing the login functionality, the objective might be to confirm that a user can log in successfully with valid credentials. Next, list the steps to execute the test. These steps should be as specific as possible. For the above example, your steps might include:

• Open the login page.
• Enter a valid username and password.
• Click the Login button.
• Verify that the user is redirected to the dashboard.

Each step should be easy to follow and leave no room for confusion. Also, specify the expected result for each step. In this case, the anticipated result is that the user successfully logs into the system and lands on the dashboard. 

Step 4: Execute Test Cases

Now that you've written your test cases, you might think that it's time to execute them.

However, before you execute them, the best practice is to get them reviewed by a QA lead as they can ensure that each test case covers all the aspects while meeting the industry standards and QA methodologies. 

You can begin executing the test cases once the QA lead has reviewed them. 

To start, follow the steps outlined in each test case, making sure to test every action thoroughly. If your test case concerns logging into the system, you will go through the login process step by step, checking to see if everything works smoothly. Don't skip any steps, even the ones that seem minor. Sometimes, the smallest details can hide the trickiest bugs. 

Sometimes, the software might act inconsistently, making it tough to figure out what's going wrong. Using tools like Jira to log and track issues can help.  

Step 5: Defect Logging

After running your tests, you will encounter some bugs or issues. This is where defect logging comes into play. In this step, you will document your problems so the development team can quickly address them. Proper defect logging ensures nothing slips through the cracks and keeps everyone in the loop. 

When you find a defect, the first step is to describe it clearly and thoroughly. You want to provide a detailed summary of the problem and list the exact steps you followed to encounter it. For example- 

• Description  - The login button is unresponsive.
• Steps to reproduce —
  • Navigate to the login page.
  • Enter valid credentials.
  • Click the login button.
• Expected Result — The user should be logged in within five seconds.
• Actual result — The button remains unresponsive, and login fails.

Also, make sure to note the environment where the issues occurred, such as the operating system or device. Attaching screenshots or logs is always helpful, as they provide additional context for the developers. 

Next, assign a severity level to the defect. Is it a critical issue that prevents the app from functioning or a minor inconvenience that doesn't affect core features? This helps the development team prioritize which defects to address first. 

Using tools like Jira, Bugzilla, or Mantis makes defect logging easier and more organized. These platforms allow you to enter all the relevant details, description, severity, and steps to reproduce, and assign the defect to the appropriate developer. 

Step 6: Bug Fixing and Re-Testing

Once you've logged the defects, it's time for the developers to step in and fix them. After receiving your defect report, the development team will prioritize the issues based on their severity and impact on the system. Critical bugs that stop key features from working are fixed first, while minor bugs may be addressed later. The developers will then work on identifying the root cause of the defect, fixing it in the code, and running their tests to ensure the issues are resolved.  But the process doesn't end there.

After the bugs are resolved, you need to retest the software to ensure the fixes work as expected and that nothing else was broken. This is known as retesting, where you run the same test case that originally failed. For instance, if the login button was unresponsive, you would follow the same steps again and check if it works as anticipated.

Retesting is essential because even though developers fix the code, you must ensure that the issue is genuinely resolved from an end-user perspective. However, sometimes fixing one defect can unintentionally cause problems in other parts of the system. This is where regression testing comes in.

After retesting the fixed bug, you must run other related test cases to ensure the new code changes haven't impacted any existing functionality. Zephyr and TestRail can help you track the test cases you need to retest and manage your regression testing efforts. 

Manual Testing Trends to Prepare for the Future

As technology evolves, so do testing methods and practices. Staying ahead of the curve means adopting emerging trends that make testing more efficient and improve software quality in real-world scenarios. With that in mind, here are the top manual testing trends of 2024 that you can follow for better manual testing in the future.

1. Involvement of Artificial Intelligence

AI in testing involves using AL and ML algorithms to optimize various parts of the testing process. Generative models such as ChatGPT and Google Gemini can help you generate effective test cases, prepare test data, and write test documentation. Rather than replacing testers, AI works alongside them, performing time-consuming tasks faster and more efficiently. 

AI can analyze large amounts of code and user data to automatically generate test cases, allowing you to spend more time focusing on exploratory testing. AI can also create realistic test data by identifying patterns in actual user interactions and draft initial test documentation by summarizing critical information. 

2. IoT Testing

The Internet of Things connects devices, from smart thermostats to wearable tech, creating a network of interconnected gadgets. The number of connected devices is anticipated to reach 29 billion by 2030. With the explosion of IoT devices, ensuring they work seamlessly together has become a top priority for testers. Manually testing these devices ensures that they communicate properly with one another and perform as expected in a real-world context. 

Manual IoT testing allows you to thoroughly test how devices behave under different conditions, ensuring they function reliably for users. By catching real-world issues, you improve the overall user experience and reduce the risk of failures in the field.

3. QAOps for Manual Testers

QAOps integrates quality assurance into the DevOps cycle, enabling testing to be embedded throughout the development process, rather than waiting until the end. In QAOps, testers are involved in every stage of the development, allowing bugs to be caught earlier and reducing the risk of last-minute surprises. 

For manual testers, QAOps means you're more involved in the entire software lifecycle. Instead of waiting for a final product to test, you can provide input as new features are being developed, catching issues early and ensuring they don't grow into bigger problems.  

4. Exploratory Testing

Exploratory testing is an approach where you interact with the software intuitively, without predefined test scripts, actively searching for defects based on your experience and creativity. As apps become more complex, manual testers increasingly turn to exploratory testing to find issues that aren't easily captured by automated tests. You can approach the software as a real user, navigating through different features in unpredictable ways to uncover hidden issues.  

Conclusion

Manual testing remains vital in ensuring software quality by uncovering issues that automation might miss. By following the outlined steps and staying updated with the latest trends, you can enhance your manual testing efforts, ensuring better software performance and user satisfaction.

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